今天大家要介绍一下经济学界对凯恩斯经济理论的不同怎么看。
甚至在凯恩斯理论的鼎盛时期，也一直存在着对这一理论的争执。一九七六年获得诺贝尔经济学奖的美国教授弗里德曼就是持有不同怎么看的学者之一。
在听弗里德曼教授讲述他的看法之前，大家先来学几个他要在谈话中用的英文词语：
1 Keynesian orthodoxy 凯恩斯传统理论2 monetary1 policy 货币政策，指一国中央银行对货币和信贷的调节管理政策。
3 easy money 低息贷款，银根松动4 misinterpretation 曲解5 Federal Reserve system 联邦储备系统
下面大家听一下弗里德曼教授对凯恩斯理论的不同怎么看：
In the first place the reason Keynesian orthodoxy came into so much favour was because of a widespread misinterpretation of the Great Depression. And it was widely interpreted as showing that monetary policy couldn't work. It was interpreted that way because of course all of the central bankers kept saying that they were engaged in very easy money and that the economy was declining in spite of them, their actions, and not because of their actions.
第一，凯恩斯理论之所以如此受宠，是由于广泛流传的对大萧条的错误讲解。大萧条被常见觉得表明了货币政策的无效，由于所有中央银行官员都坚持说银根已经放得非常松。尽管他们采取了行动，经济仍然衰退，而衰退并非因为他们的行动导致的。
But we found that the situation was very different. Though in our opinion the Great Depression was not a sign of the failure of monetary policy as it was so interpreted, it was not a result of a failure of the market system as was widely interpreted, it was rather a consequence of a very serious government failure, a failure in the monetary authorities to do what they'd initially2 been set up to do.
但大家发现的状况却很不同。尽管大家觉得大萧条并不是好似它被讲解的那样是货币政策失败的标志，它也不像大家常见觉得的那样是市场机制失败的结果。确切地说它是政府紧急失败的后果，是货币管理当局实行当初打造它们这类机构时所赋予它们的职责的失败。
下面大家再完整听一遍弗里德曼的这段谈话。（略）
弗里德曼教授下面进一步谈了凯恩斯理论的影响和他一个人对这一理论的不同怎么看。他用了如此一些词语：
1 the effect 用途，影响2 intellectual community 常识界，学术界3 cut tax 减税4 government deficit3 政府赤字5 the House of Commons 议会下院
弗里德曼教授说：
The effect was primarily, I would say, after World War Two. The effect was to encourage politicians to do what politicians love to do - spend money and not raise taxes.
我感觉（凯恩斯理论）在二次世界大战将来产生了根本性的影响。这种影响鼓励政治家们去做他们喜欢做的事：烧钱但不增加税收。
The Keynesian theory, not as Keynes himself necessarily presented it, but as it was interpreted both in the intellectual community and in the media and the press, said that if you have high unemployment, the way to solve that is to cut taxes and increase government spending - at least create a government deficit.
大家所说的凯恩斯理论，可能不是凯恩斯自己原来提出的那套理论，而是经过学术界和大众媒体做知道释的理论。这种理论觉得应对高失业问题的方法是削减税收和增加政府开支，至少要在政府预算中导致赤字。
Now the government could have created the deficit entirely4 by cutting taxes and not increasing spending, but if you're sitting in the House of Commons in London or in Australia, or in the United States, obviously the thing you'd like to do is to increase spending.
目前政府完全可以通过减税而不增加开支来导致赤字。但假如你身居伦敦的英国议会下院，或是澳大利亚或美国的议会，非常明显你想做的是增加开支。
And so the major effect of the Keynesian orthodoxy in the post-war period was to encourage an expansion in government spending as a fraction of income, and to contribute to the inflation of the 1970s.
因此凯恩斯传统理论在战后时期的主要影响在于鼓励政府增加开支作为大家收入的部分来源，也就促成了一九七十年代的通货膨胀。
下面大家再完整听一遍弗里德曼教授的这段谈话。（略）
在这一讲和上一讲中，大家为你简单介绍了经济学中曾红极一时的凯恩斯理论和对这一理论的不同怎么看。
在结束这一讲之前，大家再复习一下今天涉及的一些英文词语：
1 Keynesian orthodoxy 凯恩斯传统理论2 monetary policy 货币政策，指一国中央银行对货币和信贷的调节管理政策3 easy money 低息贷款，银根松动4 misinterpretation 曲解5 Federal Reserve system 联邦储备系统6 the effect 用途，影响7 intellectual community 常识界，学术界8 cut tax 减税9 government deficit 政府赤字10 the House of Commons 议会下院
这次由澳洲广播电台中文部为你制作的金融世界节目到这里就播送完了，谢谢你的收听，大家下一讲再会
