1. 时态
1)目前完成进行时态 : 动作或状况从过去某时开始,继续到目前,可能继续下去,也会刚刚结束.
Ive been writing letters for an hour.
Ive been sitting in the garden.
2)过去完成进行时: 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
Id been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)以后完成进行时: 以后某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.
4)以后完成时: 以后某时会业已发生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.
2. 语态
1) 可以有两种被动结构的种类,比如:
He was said to be jealous1 of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词一般都是表示估计,相信等意义的动词,容易见到的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时总是表示不一样的意义.比如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.
2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference2.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
b) 宾补结构的被动语态:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad3 leader.
He was considered quite qualified4 for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
3. 短语动词
1) Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
2) Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral5.
3) Vi + prep
Shes looking after her sisters children.
The children were always well looked after.
4) Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
5) Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
6) Vt + adv + O
I am trying to give up smoking6.
7) Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
