Passage 8
Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector
clerical workers, most of whom are women, were some-
what limited. The factors favoring unionization drives
seem to have been either the presence of large numbers
of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the
effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or
two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively
easy, Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part
was also a consideration, but when there were large
numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only
unorganized group in a jurisdiction1, the multioccupa-
tional unions would often try to organize them regard-
less of the workers initial receptivity. The strategic
reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politi-
cians and administrators2 might play off unionized
against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the
conviction that a fully3 unionized public work force
meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the
legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few
in number, were scattered4 in several workplaces, and
expressed no interest in being organized, unions more
often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
But since the mid-1970s, a different strategy has
emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical
workers were represented by a labor5 organization,
compared with 46 percent of government professionals,
44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and
41 percent of government service workers, Since then,
however, the biggest increases in public-sector unioniza-
tion have been among clerical workers. Between 1977
and 1980, the number of unionized government workers
in blue-collar and service occupations increased only
about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations
the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers
in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization
among clerical workers? First, more women have entered
the work force in the past few years, and more of them
plan to remain working until retirement6 age. Conse-
quently, they are probably more concerned than their
predecessors were about job security and economic bene-
fits. Also, the womens movement has succeeded in legit-
imizing the economic and political activism of women on
their own behalf, thereby7 producing a more positive atti-
tude toward unions. The absence of any comparable
increase in unionization among private-sector clerical
workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst-the
structural8 change in the multioccupational public-sector
unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occu-
pational distribution in these unions has been steadily
shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predomi-
nantly white-collar. Because there are far more women
in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of
female members has accompanied the occupational shift
and has altered union policy-making in favor of orga-
nizing women and addressing womens issues.
43. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were
professionals
managers
clerical workers
service workers（A）
blue-collar workers
44. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force in order to account for why
politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975（E）
unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers initial interest in unionization
45. The authors claim that, since the mid-1970s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers would be strengthened if the author
described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970s（E）
showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance
46. According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT
the number of clerical workers in that group
the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered over several workplaces
the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization（B）
whether all the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
47. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the womens movement of recent years?
An increase in the number of women entering the work force
A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions
A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions
An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women（C）
An increase in the number of women in administrative9 positions
48. The main concern of the passage is to
advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers（D）
describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers
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